Upwelling currents, which are formed by surface wind-driven currents and cooperate with landforms, are what give rise to deepwater currents.
Most people link the scientist Alfred Wegener with the continental drift theory. Wegener wrote a paper in the early 20th century outlining his theory that the continents were "drifting" across the Earth, occasionally crashing through oceans and into one another.
Because of variations in water density, deep currents—also called thermohaline circulation—occur. Water at the poles sinks because it is cold and thick. In a process resembling a conveyor belt, surface water moves to replace sinking water, causing water to travel around the world for a thousand years.
Deepwater currents are created by upwelling currents that are produced by surface wind-driven currents and work in concert with landforms. Thermohaline circulation, which results in temperature and salinity fluctuations in the water, can also result in density differences between water masses, which can result in currents.
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