Option D, Commonwealth v. Johnston a court declared that dog sniffs are searches and can be conducted only if police have probable cause to believe it is connected to criminal action.
To match evidence gathered at a crime scene to the scent of a suspect or body, organizations deploy trained dogs. As opposed to a real corpse, drug cache, or other tangible proof of a crime, testimony from dog handlers is increasingly considered as direct evidence of guilt. In Rodriguez v. United States, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that police officers cannot prolong a traffic stop in order to use a dog sniff unless they have a reasonable suspicion of a crime. Nevertheless, when conducting traffic stops, cops are typically allowed to utilize canines to sniff out vehicles.
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