The optimal pH for any buffer is when its pKa value coincides with the pH of the solution. A buffer typically functions well throughout a pH range that is 1 unit on either side of the pKa value.
The buffer in the pH range of 6.6 to 8.6 is made up of lactic acid, whose pKa value is 3.86, a PIPES buffer at pH 2.9 to 4.9, an acetic acid buffer at pH 5.8 to 7.8, and a HEPES buffer at pH 3.8 to 5.8. An amalgam of a weak acid and its conjugate base is known as a buffer solution. When basic or acidic components are added, it resists any pH shift. We can divide buffer solutions into two categories. Acidic and basic buffer solutions are the two categories into which we can divide buffer solutions. Because they produce unionised acid or base when they react with acid or base, a buffer solution resists any pH shift.
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