A lurking variable is an explanatory variable that was not examined in a study but has an effect on the value of the study's response variable.
A concealed variable affects both the dependent and independent variables, resulting in an incorrect connection. Confounding is a causal concept that cannot be expressed using correlations or linkages. Confounders have a significant quantitative role in explaining why correlation does not imply causation.
In the case of risk assessments assessing the degree and form of threat to human health, it is critical to account for confounding in order to isolate the impact of a specific hazard such as a food additive, pesticide, or new drug. It is difficult to recruit and screen volunteers with the same background (age, diet, education, geography, etc.) for prospective studies, and historical investigations can have similar variability.
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