Answer :
d) all of above are important biotic factors that can affect the structure and organization of biological communities.
Abiotic components or abiotic variables are non-living chemical and physical elements of the environment that have an impact on living things and the health of ecosystems in biology and ecology. Biology as a whole is supported by abiotic causes and the phenomena that go along with them. They have an impact on a wide range of species, including marine and land animals, in many kinds of environmental settings. Abiotic elements of a species' habitat can be created or altered by humans. For example, human-produced greenhouse gases can alter the pH levels of the ocean and have an impact on the habitat of snails.
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