The papacy reached the height of its political, intellectual, and secular power in the thirteenth century during the papacy of Innocent III.
The 11th century saw the establishment of the papal monarchy, and the 12th and 13th centuries saw the mediaeval papacy at its pinnacle, particularly under Innocent III (reigned 1198–1216).
The so-called Papal Monarchy came into existence in the 12th and 13th centuries. The popes of this time were strong and assured. They developed the ideology of papal leadership while also creating and reforming institutions.
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