Reform movements emerged in America in the mid-nineteenth century in part because of a desire for social stability and discipline in the face of change and yearning for order and social harmony in society in the midst of transformation. Thus the correct answer is letter a. desire for social stability and discipline in the face of change.
The fear that civil war was going to engulf America is not one of the reasons why reform movements emerged in the said nation.
Reform movements did not emerged in America because religious piety was given less importance or because people were thought to be naturally weak.
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Reform movements emerged in America in the mid-nineteenth century in part because of a:
a. desire for social stability and discipline in the face of change
b. fear that civil war was going to engulf the nation
c. declining importance placed on religious piety
d. pessimistic assumption of the natural weakness of individuals