Answer :
Gene malfunctioning leads to genomic instability, apoptosis, or senescence.
What is proofreading?
DNA polymerases are the enzymes that build DNA in cells. During DNA replication (copying), most DNA polymerases can “check their work” with each base that they add. This process is called proofreading. If the polymerase detects that a wrong (incorrectly paired) nucleotide has been added, it will remove and replace the nucleotide right away, before continuing with DNA synthesis.
Proofreading corrects the majority of errors, but a few slip through. Mismatch repair occurs immediately after fresh DNA is synthesized; its function is to delete and replace mispaired nucleotides (ones that were not fixed during proofreading). Mismatch repair can also detect and correct minor insertions and deletions caused by polymerases "slipping" and losing their footing on the template.
Repair processes that help fix damaged DNA include:
- Direct reversal
- Excision repair
- Excision repair
Hence, gene malfunctioning leads to genomic instability, apoptosis, or senescence.
To more know about DNA proofreading the link is given below:
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