The major source of energy in a cell is adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. Most of the ATP in a eukaryotic organism is synthesized in mitochondria using ATP synthase. ATP synthase is an enzyme made up of multiple protein subunits. Some of these subunits are essential for the function of ATP synthase, while others are not A group of scientists generated a population of fruit flies with a mutation in a gene encoding a protein subunit of ATP synthase. Analysis showed that this was a null mutation, meaning that no protein product was made from the gene. Which of the following pieces of evidence best supports the claim that the wild type version of the gene described above is not essential for atp synthase function?
a. Flies with a null mutation in the gene have undetectable levels of ATP in their cells. b. There is no lethal phenotype associated with a null mutation in the gene. c. Levels of protein subunits that are not encoded by the mutated gene are normal in the mutant flies. d. Flies with a null mutation in the gene have higher levels of the encoded protein subunit than flies without the mutation.

Two functional domains make up the human mitochondrial ATP synthase, or complex V: F1, which is found in the mitochondrial matrix, and Fo, which is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Complex V phosphorylates ADP to ATP using the energy produced by the proton electrochemical gradient. The architecture, operation, and assembly of complicated V are all covered in this review. It is explained how complex V di- and oligomerization affects mitochondrial morphology. Last but not least, current treatment approaches and pathology associated with complex V deficiency are discussed. There are still unanswered concerns surrounding the structure of subunits, the molecular basis of the rotary nanomotor function, and the construction of the human complex V despite the enormous advancements made in this field of study over the last few decades. The identification of further nuclear genetic abnormalities will direct physio(patho) logical research and open the door to potential treatment approaches in the future.

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