"The Jim Crow South," writes Ira Katznelson, a history and political-science professor at Columbia, "was the or collaborator America's democracy could not do without." The marks of that collaboration are all over the New I omnibus programs passed under the Social Security Act in 1935 were crafted in such a way as to protect the sou of life. Old-age insurance (Social Security proper) and unemployment insurance excluded farmworkers and domestics jobs heavily occupied by blacks. When President Roosevelt signed Social Security into law in 1935. percent of African Americans nationally and between 70 and 80 percent in the South were ineligible. The NAAC protested, calling the new American safety net "a sieve with holes just big enough for the majority of Negroes to through." The oft-celebrated G.I. Bill similarly failed black Americans, by mirroring the broader country's insistence on a 1 housing policy. Though ostensibly color-blind, Title III of the bill, which aimed to give veterans access to low-in home loans, left black veterans to tangle with white officials at their local Veterans Administration as well as witl same banks that had, for years, refused to grant mortgages to blacks. The historian Kathleen J. Frydl observes in book, The GI Bill, that so many blacks were disqualified from receiving Title III benefits "that it is more accurate to say that blacks could not use this particular title." 16. How did the racially biased distribution of the G.I. Bill impact Black people, particularly concerning educatio access to homeownership? a) It provided equal educational opportunities for all veterans, regardless of race. b) It facilitated access to low-interest home loans for Black veterans, promoting homeownership equality. c) It restricted educational opportunities and denied access to low-interest home loans, perpetuating racial disparit education and homeownership. d) It prioritized Black veterans for educational benefits and provided preferential treatment in accessing home loa