In class, we developed the formula
(a) Use the formula (using appropriate substitutions) to find the closed form for ∑2
= 2
(b) Use the formula in the notes for ∑
= 13 to find the closed form expression form for

= 3 (assume a ≥ 1 and a ≤ b)
(c) In class, we developed the formula
Use this formula and some algebra to derive a closed form for the sum ∑
= 0( ― 1)2 ― 1
(d) Test your closed form solution in (c) to find the value of ∑3
= 0( ― 1)2 ― 1 and see if
it matches the manual computation of the 4 terms of the sum.