Ackerman and Goldsmith (2011) found that students who studied text from printed hardcopy had better test scores than students who studied from text presented on a screen. In a related study, a professor noticed that several students in a large class had purchased the e-book version of the course textbook. For the final exam, the overall average for the entire class was � = 81.7, but the n = 9 students who used e-books had a mean of M = 77.2 with a standard deviation of s = 5.7.