Tanya is a therapist who sells subliminal message tapes to help people stop smoking. She designs a study where one group gets the subliminal messages on their tapes and the other group does not. She finds that both groups had about an equal success rate in quitting smoking after treatment. Which of the following explains her results?
A) Nocebo effect
B) Placebo effect
C) Confounding variables
D) Experimenter expectancy effect



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