Which of the following statements is true?
a. Political, social, and economic programs such as affirmative action have not erased the economic gulf between whites and minorities.
b. Political, social, and economic programs such as affirmative action have erased the economic gulf between whites and minorities.
c. Political, social, and economic programs such as affirmative action have contributed to the economic gulf between whites and minorities.
d. Political, social, and economic programs such as affirmative action have increased the economic gulf between whites and minorities.