Task 2
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Modeling Chromosome Inheritance
In this task, you will model chromosome inheritance from parent to offspring for the species you created in task 1. You will use the genotypes you developed for the two parents in task 1.
You will need these materials:
4 different colors of construction paper (about 2 sheets of each color) or white paper
4 pens or markers of different colors
Recall that meiosis is the type of cell division that forms gametes, sperm, and eggs. Each parent has a pair of homologous chromosomes, and each chromosome carries one allele for a particular gene. At the beginning of meiosis, these homologous chromosome pairs have two identical sister chromatids, which contain the same genetic information.
To get started on this task, cut eight strips of paper—two of each color (or eight strips of white paper). Each color will represent one chromosome with its sister chromatids. Each parent will receive two different colored chromosomes. If you’re using white paper, use four pens or markers of different colors to write your genes—one color for each chromosome.
Four genes with different chromosomes.
Start with one parent, and separate its four pieces of paper into two chromosomes with its two identical chromatids. Using your genotypes from task 1, write down one gene on each chromosome as shown in the following image. Remember that depending on the genotype you choose, homologous chromosomes can have matching or unmatched chromosomes. The two sister chromatids in each pair have identical alleles.
For example,
Mother genotype: YyIRiPF
Two sister chromatids in mother genotype with identical alleles.
Make your chromosome pairs for the mother and father using the image as a guideline. At the end, you should have two pairs of chromosomes—with two identical chromatids each—for each parent.
Part A: Modeling Meiosis
In meiosis, crossing over occurs, where homologous chromosomes synapse and their chromatids exchange genetic information. At this point, the sister chromatids are no longer identical. When the chromatids split from each other, there are four unique haploid sperm or egg cells.
Modeling and phases of meiosis I.
Processing phases of meiosis II.
In your paper model, simulate the process of crossing over in the two parents by cutting or tearing the chromatids to swap genes. Be sure to swap the same type of gene. For example, the allele for trait 1 should swap places only with the other allele for trait 1 of the chromatids of the homologous chromosome. Tape your new chromatids together.
A diagram shows the cross-over process of chromatids and gene swap.
Now separate out the four single, crossed-over chromosomes to model four haploid cells from each parent.
Next, make at least four genetic matches of offspring by moving a chromosome from a sperm and egg cell together to form a diploid offspring. In the table, record the genotype and phenotype of each offspring as shown in the example.
Genotype (genes inherited) Phenotype (outward traits)
Offspring 1 YyIRIWPF yellow pods, red and white speckled flowers, long flat pods
Part B: Evaluating Results
Question 1
Explain why your model demonstrates how crossing over is important to genetic variation in a species
Question 2
Look at the offspring you created in your model. Have any of the offspring inherited a more beneficial genetic combination than the others? How could this affect their survival? Explain your reasoning.
Question 3
Why is it impossible to predict the phenotype of the offspring by observing only the phenotype of the two parents?
Task 1 completed and needed to complete Task 2- please see below
Part A: Design a Species
• A hybrid polar-grizzly bear comes to mind. Only white or brown fur can be inherited by this polar-grizzly bear, although it can tolerate both cold and heat. The ability to bear multifetal pregnancies, or the capacity to get pregnant with more than five kids, would be beneficial for both of these species, which are currently endangered. This characteristic can be passed on to the hybrid.
Part B: Determine Trait Variation in the Species
Trait 1: Simple dominant/recessive inheritance (FUR COLOR)
White fur = WW (Dominant)
Brown fur = ww (Recessive)
Trait 2: Co-dominance (TEMPERATURE)
Cold temp = TC
Warm temp = TW
Moderate temp = TO
Trait 3: Incomplete dominance (STAMINA)
Strong, endurance = SS
Fatiguability = FF
Moderate stamina = SF
Trait Phenotype 1 Phenotype 2 Phenotype 3 Phenotype 4
Fur color WW and Ww (white) ww (brown) N/A N/A
Temperature TCTC and TCt (cold) TWTW and TWt (warm) TWTC (both cold
and warm) tt (moderate
temperature only)
Stamina SS (strong, endurance) FF (easily fatigued) SF (strong, but can't
withstand long intensity
activities) N/A
Part C: Choose the Genotype of the Parents
Polar bear: WWTCTCFF
Grizzly bear: wwTWtSS
Part D: Make Punnett Squares
• FUR COLOR
W W
w Ww Ww
w Ww Ww
• TEMPERATURE
TC TC
TW TCTW TCTW
t TCt TCt
• STAMINA
S S
F SF SF
F SF SF

Question

24kylos0426 24kylos0426

14-12-2022
Biology

Answered

Task 2
Print
Modeling Chromosome Inheritance
In this task, you will model chromosome inheritance from parent to offspring for the species you created in task 1. You will use the genotypes you developed for the two parents in task 1.
You will need these materials:
4 different colors of construction paper (about 2 sheets of each color) or white paper
4 pens or markers of different colors
Recall that meiosis is the type of cell division that forms gametes, sperm, and eggs. Each parent has a pair of homologous chromosomes, and each chromosome carries one allele for a particular gene. At the beginning of meiosis, these homologous chromosome pairs have two identical sister chromatids, which contain the same genetic information.
To get started on this task, cut eight strips of paper—two of each color (or eight strips of white paper). Each color will represent one chromosome with its sister chromatids. Each parent will receive two different colored chromosomes. If you’re using white paper, use four pens or markers of different colors to write your genes—one color for each chromosome.
Four genes with different chromosomes.
Start with one parent, and separate its four pieces of paper into two chromosomes with its two identical chromatids. Using your genotypes from task 1, write down one gene on each chromosome as shown in the following image. Remember that depending on the genotype you choose, homologous chromosomes can have matching or unmatched chromosomes. The two sister chromatids in each pair have identical alleles.
For example,
Mother genotype: YyIRiPF
Two sister chromatids in mother genotype with identical alleles.
Make your chromosome pairs for the mother and father using the image as a guideline. At the end, you should have two pairs of chromosomes—with two identical chromatids each—for each parent.
Part A: Modeling Meiosis
In meiosis, crossing over occurs, where homologous chromosomes synapse and their chromatids exchange genetic information. At this point, the sister chromatids are no longer identical. When the chromatids split from each other, there are four unique haploid sperm or egg cells.
Modeling and phases of meiosis I.
Processing phases of meiosis II.
In your paper model, simulate the process of crossing over in the two parents by cutting or tearing the chromatids to swap genes. Be sure to swap the same type of gene. For example, the allele for trait 1 should swap places only with the other allele for trait 1 of the chromatids of the homologous chromosome. Tape your new chromatids together.
A diagram shows the cross-over process of chromatids and gene swap.
Now separate out the four single, crossed-over chromosomes to model four haploid cells from each parent.
Next, make at least four genetic matches of offspring by moving a chromosome from a sperm and egg cell together to form a diploid offspring. In the table, record the genotype and phenotype of each offspring as shown in the example.
Genotype (genes inherited) Phenotype (outward traits)
Offspring 1 YyIRIWPF yellow pods, red and white speckled flowers, long flat pods
Part B: Evaluating Results
Question 1
Explain why your model demonstrates how crossing over is important to genetic variation in a species
Question 2
Look at the offspring you created in your model. Have any of the offspring inherited a more beneficial genetic combination than the others? How could this affect their survival? Explain your reasoning.
Question 3
Why is it impossible to predict the phenotype of the offspring by observing only the phenotype of the two parents?
Task 1 completed and needed to complete Task 2- please see below
Part A: Design a Species
• A hybrid polar-grizzly bear comes to mind. Only white or brown fur can be inherited by this polar-grizzly bear, although it can tolerate both cold and heat. The ability to bear multifetal pregnancies, or the capacity to get pregnant with more than five kids, would be beneficial for both of these species, which are currently endangered. This characteristic can be passed on to the hybrid.
Part B: Determine Trait Variation in the Species
Trait 1: Simple dominant/recessive inheritance (FUR COLOR)
White fur = WW (Dominant)
Brown fur = ww (Recessive)
Trait 2: Co-dominance (TEMPERATURE)
Cold temp = TC
Warm temp = TW
Moderate temp = TO
Trait 3: Incomplete dominance (STAMINA)
Strong, endurance = SS
Fatiguability = FF
Moderate stamina = SF
Trait Phenotype 1 Phenotype 2 Phenotype 3 Phenotype 4
Fur color WW and Ww (white) ww (brown) N/A N/A
Temperature TCTC and TCt (cold) TWTW and TWt (warm) TWTC (both cold
and warm) tt (moderate
temperature only)
Stamina SS (strong, endurance) FF (easily fatigued) SF (strong, but can't
withstand long intensity
activities) N/A
Part C: Choose the Genotype of the Parents
Polar bear: WWTCTCFF
Grizzly bear: wwTWtSS
Part D: Make Punnett Squares
• FUR COLOR
W W
w Ww Ww
w Ww Ww
• TEMPERATURE
TC TC
TW TCTW TCTW
t TCt TCt
• STAMINA
S S
F SF SF
F SF SF

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