In the article "Foods, Fortificants, and Supplements: Where Do Americans Get Their Nutrients?" researchers analyze the nutrient and vitamin intake from a random sample of 16,110 U.S. residents. Researchers compare the level of daily vitamin intake for vitamin A, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E and calcium. Unless otherwise stated, all hypothesis tests in the study are conducted at the 5% significance level.
Researchers conduct a hypothesis test to determine if the proportion of U.S. residents consuming recommended levels of calcium is different among women and men. The p-value is 0.035, and researchers conduct this test at a 5% level of significance. What does a p-value of 0.035 mean?
There is a 3.5% chance that there is no difference in calcium consumption for women and men.
If the calcium consumption rates are different for the women and men, there is a 3.5% chance that future experiments will show the same difference in calcium consumption as observed in this experiment.
If calcium consumption is the same for women and men, there is a 3.5% chance that future studies will show differences in calcium consumption greater than observed in this study.
If calcium consumption is the same for women and men, there is a 3.5% chance that calcium consumption will be different in future experiments.