In a study designed to test the effectiveness of a medication as a treatment for lower backâ pain, 1643 patients were randomly assigned to one of threeâ groups: (1) the 547 subjects in the placebo group were given pills containing noâ medication; (2) 550 subjects were in a group given pills with the medication taken at regularâ intervals; (3) 546 subjects were in a group given pills with the medication to be taken when needed for pain relief. In what specific way was replication applied in theâ study?



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