some of the teachers at the middle school prefer to use a form of assessment that examines student academic growth over time by collecting work selected by the student and the teacher to include in a portfolio. mrs. payne, the sixth-grade science teacher, thinks that the best way to see if her students understand a science process is to use assessment that requires the student to demonstrate the knowledge to the teacher, for example, demonstrating evidence of chemical reactions. the type of assessment that mrs. payne is referring to is —