You must choose to answer one of the Discussion Questions, all of which are derived from your assigned reading.

. Your response must fully answer the question and be in narrative sentence format. The length for this original response is a minimum of five
sentences.

To begin, fully answer one of the Discussion Question listed below (answer all questions contained in the number selected):
1. What factors gave rise to the return of cities and centralized governments after the year 1,000, which marks the start of the High Middle Ages?

2. Contrast the evolution of feudal kingdoms in England and France and give examples of how the monarch's power was strengthened or weakened in this period.

3. What reforms did the Christian Church undergo, and how did some of those reforms lead to a power struggle between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Emperor?

4. What are the causes of the Crusades, who benefited from them, and some effects from these failed campaigns in Europe?