Answer :
The correct option D. Average number of offspring produced over the life span of individuals
Life history strategies The sequence of survival and reproduction events characteristic for a member of the species is known as the life history of the species (essentially, its lifecycle).Natural selection drives the evolution of life cycle patterns, which are a "optimization" of trade-offs between growth, survival, and reproduction.
The number of offspring produced and the amount of energy (both physical resources and parental care) invested in each offspring are two tradeoffs.Another trade-off is the first reproduction's timing.
While later reproduction may enable organisms to produce more or healthier offspring or to provide greater care, early reproduction minimizes the risk of dying without progeny.Some species' members only have one reproductive cycle (semelparity), whereas other species' members might have numerous cycles (iteroparity).
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