One of the most famous flops in survey history occurred in 1936. To predict the outcome of
the presidential election between Republican Alf Landon and Democrat Franklin D.
Roosevelt, the magazine Literary Digest sent over 10,000,000 " ballots" to its subscribers.
They also sent "ballots" to registered owners of an automobile or telephone. About
2,400,000 of the ballots were returned, with a large majority (57%) favoring Landon. The
election turned out to be a landslide, but for Roosevelt (61%) instead of Landon

1. Explain how undercoverage might have led to bias in this survey.