Livestock breeders improved their methods too. In the 1700s, for example,
Robert Bakewell increased his mutton (sheep meat) output by allowing only his
best sheep to breed. Other farmers followed Bakewell's lead. Between 1700 and
1786, the average weight for lambs climbed from 18 to 50 pounds. As food
An increasing population boosted the demand for food and goods such as cloth. As
plies increased and living conditions improved, England's population mushroomed.
farmers lost their land to large enclosed farms, many became factory workers. A
Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England In addition to a large popula-
tion of workers, the small island country had extensive natural resources.
Industrialization, which is the process of developing machine production of
goods, required such resources. These natural resources included
• water power and coal to fuel the new machines
• iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings
rivers for inland transportation
harbors from which merchant ships set sail
In addition to its natural resources, Britain had an expanding economy to support
industrialization. Businesspeople invested in the manufacture of new inventions.
Britain's highly developed banking system also contributed to the country's indus-
trialization. People were encouraged by the availability of bank loans to invest in
new machinery and expand their operations. Growing overseas trade, economic
prosperity, and a climate of progress led to the increased demand for goods.
Britain's political stability gave the country a tremendous advantage over its
neighbors. Though Britain took part in many wars during the 1700s, none occurred
on British soil. Their military successes gave the British a positive attitude.
Parliament also passed laws to help encourage and protect business ventures. Other
countries had some of these advantages. But Britain had all the factors of pro-
duction, the resources needed to produce goods and services that the Industrial
Revolution required. They included land, labor, and capital (or wealth).
MA
Reco
Effect
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the In
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Inventions Spur Industrialization
In an explosion of creativity, inventions now revolutionized industry. Britain's
textile industry clothed the world in wool, linen, and cotton. This industry was the
first to be transformed. Cloth merchants boosted their profits by speeding up the
process by which spinners and weavers made cloth.
Changes in the Textile Industry As you will learn in the feature on textile tech-
nology on page 285, by 1800, several major inventions had modernized the cotton
industry. One invention led to another. In 1733, a machinist named John Kay made
a shuttle that sped back and forth on wheels. This flying shuttle, a boat-shaped piece