push polls question 13 options: have been determined to be illegal in 23 states. are always conducted face-to-face rather than by telephone. are so controversial that very few candidates have chosen to use them. were used widely in the 1960s and 1970s, but when they became associated with the dirty politics of those eras, they were disregarded by most candidates. are now used throughout all levels of u.s. politics—local, state, and federal.