1. What are the four types of bus arbitration? Describe each of the methods and compare with pros and cons. Your answer should be at least 50 words but should not exceed 100 words for each method. (8 points)

2. Explain the difference between memory-mapped I/O and instruction-based I/O. Your answer should be at least 50 words but should not exceed 100 words for each method. (4 points)

3. Suppose that a 256M x 16 main memory is built using 256K × 8 RAM chips and memory is word-addressable. (28 points)
a) How many RAM chips are necessary?
b) If we were accessing one full word, how many chips would be involved?
c) How many address bits are needed for each RAM chip?
d) How many banks will this memory have?
e) How many address bits are needed for all of memory?
f) If high-order interleaving is used, where would address 45(base 10) be located? (Your answer should be "Bank#, Offset#")
g) Repeat (f) for low-order interleaving.