In her essay, "Chinese Exclusion Example," Erika Lee argues that the significance of the Chinese Exclusion Act goes beyond it being the first law to restrict a group of immigrants based on race, nationality, and class. The Chinese Exclusion Act also brought 3 major changes to American culture and society. Which of the following is NOT one of those changes?
Group of answer choices
a model by which to exclude later immigrants based on their desirability and whiteness
a gate-keeping ideology
a recognition that immigrant labor was critical to American industrialization and the growth of the U.S. economy
the government procedures and machinery to control immigrants and foreign residents already in America