Answer :
Western civilization was illiterate and violent compared to the educated, refined East during the time of the Crusades.
The Crusades were a series of armed conflicts fought by Christian knights to defend Christians and the Christian kingdom against Muslim forces. While the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic religions had been in schism since 1054, Christians who had traditionally followed a separate Orthodox rite made up the Byzantine Empire to the east of Europe.
History has speculated that one of the crusades' objectives may have been to establish Roman church dominance in the east, despite the fact that Urban II, who led the First Crusade, never makes reference to this in his writings on crusading.
The correct answer is option a.
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