It expanded greatly from the reign of Babur to the reign of Aurangzeb. The Hindu Kush and the Himalayas Mountains geographic feature prevented the Mughal Empire from expanding further to the North.
After losing Samarkand for the third time, Babur shifted his focus to India, enlisting the assistance of the neighboring Safavid and Ottoman empires. Babur defeated Sultan of Delhi Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 CE, establishing the Mughal Empire.
Aurangzeb ruled over a population of 150 million people for 49 years. He extended the Mughal Empire to its greatest extent, uniting the majority of the Indian subcontinent under a single imperial power .
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